Intervertebral disk (IVD) disease, a back problem, is a disorder accompanied by acute pain, loss of movement coordination and paralysis. It is most common in certain breeds, such as Dachshund, Pekinese, French Bulldog, Beagle, Basset Hound, American Cocker Spaniel, Shih Tzu, Lhasa Apso, Welsh Corgi, though it might occur in other breeds also, especially dogs with short, thick legs.

The backbone (vertebral column) consists of 34 individual bones that are called vertebrae, the spinal cord and nerves, muscles, ligaments, intervertebral discs, and blood supply. It protects the spinal cord and many internal organs, and serves as a base of attachment for tendons and ligaments. The backbone also enables a wide range of movement, connects the upper and lower body and provides structural support. The bones in the vertebral column store minerals and produce red blood cells. The intervertebral discs separate the vertebrae from each other. These “cushions” absorb the stress and shock that the body incurs during movement.

The IVD consists of two regions: an outer layer of cartilage-like material and a central region of gelatinous material. In Type I IVD, the jelly-like inner layer protrudes into the vertebral canal and presses on the spinal cord. Compression of the spinal cord may be minimal (causing mild back or neck pain) to severe (causing paralysis, loss of sensation, and lack of bladder and bowel control) and may be irreversible.

IVD degeneration is seen most in the breeds named above and is a degeneration of the disks within the first few months of life. A disk extrusion can then occur as early as 1 – 2 years of age. The most common signs are neck pain with stiffness and muscle spasms. Occasionally also lameness in the forelimbs ranging from mild weakness to paralysis can occur.

The Type II IVD protrusion, characterized by partial protrusion, can develop in all dogs and usually develops at 6-10 years of age.

Acute IVD signs are a sudden cry of pain when the dog is exercising or running. Since sudden movements cause excruciating pain the animal will decrease its activity. Pain might be constant or occasional.

IVD is treated with cage rest and anti-inflammatory medications and muscle relaxants. When dogs do not respond to these conservative treatments surgery may be required.

The exact cause of the degenerative process is not yet fully understood. Commonly it is seen as to be influenced by genetic, hormonal or immune system disorders, and mechanical factors.